King George V Silver Jubilee
The context of the end of the First World War and the build up to the Second have been explained earlier (see Chapter 12). In May 1935, King George V celebrated his silver jubilee. He had ascended the throne in 1910. Grandad noted that he closed the shop for the day.
King George V Dies
However, the king was not in good health. He suffered from chronic lung disease as a result of heavy smoking. In mid-January 1936, he became gravely unwell. Then, on the 20th, he died. Grandad noted that “King George died at 11.55pm”. Edith Searson also noted the king’s jubilee, his ill-health and subsequent death in her book(let) “I Remember” (p35).
King George VI
The next royal event noted by grandad was the coronation of King George VI on 12 May 1937. Grandad noted that he went to see the bonfires. He also noted that it rained nearly all day!
Mum’s Coronation Mug
Mum would have been four at the time of this coronation. Among her possessions was a commemorative coronation mug. She noted that she received this in 1937 and used it a lot as a child.
No Mention of the Abdication
It is interesting that grandad’ diaries make no mention whatsoever of Edward VIII or the abdication. Was it that grandad did not approve? Or perhaps he was not interested? I expect he probably did not approve but I would imagine he would have been interested. It therefore surprises me a little that he did not mention it at all particularly as he did record other things in his diaries of which he did not approve.
Strikes
This period was characterised by a number of significant workers’ strikes, culminating in the general strike of 1926.
National Miners’ Strikes
In April 1921, there was a national miners’ strike which Edith Searson noted in her book(let) “I Remember“. This strike was triggered when the coal industry was returned into private ownership at the end of March 1921 and private landowners tried to impose wage reductions and increases in working hours. Miners who refused risked losing their jobs.
Black Friday
The miners called on the railwaymen and transport workers to join them in a strike from 15 April 1921. However, they declined as they felt that the miners had not tried hard enough to negotiate. This day became known as “Black Friday”.
Forced to Return to Work
Although the miners continued their strike, they were finally forced to accept a pay cut and return to work. Grandad noted in his diary that there had been a national coal strike from the beginning of April 1921 until it was “settled” by the end of June. He also noted that, on 24 June 1921, they had their gas cut off because of the strike. Although the strike was over by the end of June, grandad noted that local miners at the Summit colliery only returned to work on 4 July.
Tensions Continued
Tensions continued and, in June 1925, mine owners demanded further reductions in pay and increases in working hours. This time, other unions were supportive and this led to the Conservative government subsidising mine owners for nine months to avoid wage cuts for miners. During this time, preparations were made to mobilise volunteers if there was to be a general strike.
The Samuel Commission and the General Strike
The Samuel Commission was established and this recommended a reduction in miners’ pay. The union rejected this and this led to a General Strike from 4 May 1926. Edith Searson noted this in her book(let) “I Remember” (p33). She particularly noted the suffering and hardship endured by miners and their families. Grandad noted that a general strike had been called and that it was “called off” on the 12th. He also noted that, on the 13th, local strikers had not returned to work and that many Kirkby miners only got their first wages after the strike in October.
Elections
There were a number of general elections during this period, although grandad did not note them all.
General Election December 1923
Ahead of the general election in December 1923, grandad attended Liberal and Labour meetings at the Market Hall.
The Market Hall
The Market Hall later became the Festival Hall, see Chapter 59. According to Edith Searson, in her book(let) “I Remember” (p36), prior to the second world war, there had been a market at the Market Hall every Friday evening.
General Election May 1929
In April 1929 ahead of the May general election, he attended two Liberal meetings and one Conservative meeting.
He recorded the local result in 1929 as Seymore Cocks Labour about 23,000, Cove Liberal 9,000 and Pierrepont Conservative 8,000. In fact, Seymour Cocks polled 24,603 for Labour, Ernest George Cove 9,814 for the Liberals and Gervas Pierrepont 7,119 for the Unionists.
Seymour Cocks
Seymour Cocks was MP for Broxtowe from 1929 until his death in 1953. He features in a photograph for Kirkby carnival in 1952 (see Chapter 52). I don’t know why he used his middle name rather than his first name, Frederick, particularly given the potential double meaning which was not lost on Gerald Lee, for example (see “Kirkby-in-Ashfield: Yesterday Remembered” (p66)).
General Election October 1931
On 27 October 1931, grandad noted that he “went to vote” for the general election but he did not record the results.
General Elections in the Interwar Period
As mentioned above, there were several general elections during this interwar period – in 1922, 1923, 1924, 1929, 1931 and 1935.
Results in Broxtowe
In all of them, in grandad’s local constituency of Broxtowe, the Labour candidate won over 50% of the vote. From 1918 to 1929, the MP was George Spencer and, from 1929, Seymour Cocks.
The 1922 General Election
The election in 1922 was the first after most of Ireland had left the UK. It produced an overall majority for the Conservatives, led by Bonar Law, with Labour second and a divided Liberal party third.
The 1923 General Election
In 1923, a further election was held after Bonar Law became unwell and was replaced by Stanley Baldwin. Baldwin wished to strengthen his leadership of the Conservative Party so an election was called. While the Conservatives were the largest party, they did not have an overall majority. So, the Labour Party, led by Ramsey MacDonald, formed a minority administration with tacit support from the Liberals.
The 1924 General Election
This lasted only ten months and a further election was held in October 1924. This resulted in an overall majority for the Conservatives led by Stanley Baldwin with Labour losing 40 seats and the Liberals losing 118 of their 158 seats.
The 1929 General Election
The 1929 general election produced another hung parliament with Labour, led by Ramsey MacDonald, as the largest party for the first time in their history. The Liberals increased their seats to 59 and again held the balance of power.
The 1931 General Election
In 1931, after the collapse of the Labour Government, the election saw a landslide victory for the National Government, led by Ramsey MacDonald, with the Conservatives within that winning 470 seats. It was disastrous for Labour who only won 52 seats, a net loss of 235. It was the last UK General Election not to take place on a Thursday.
The 1935 General Election
In 1935, the National Government retained an overall, but reduced, majority. The Labour party, under Clement Attlee, increased their seats by over 100. National Labour only won eight seats. Their leader Ramsey MacDonald lost his seat, as did the leader of the Liberals, Herbert Samuel. Stanley Baldwin, the Conservative Party leader, became Prime Minister again (having previously served from 1924 to 1929). He retired in 1937 aged 70 and was succeeded by Neville Chamberlain.
Other Events
Grandad noted a number of other national and international events in his diaries between the wars. These included:
- In April 1931, a census was held in England, Scotland and Wales. A preliminary census report was produced in July 1931 and showed the population of England and Wales to be 39.9 million. Unfortunately, the census records for this year were destroyed in a fire at a store in Hayes in 1942.
- In July 1934, a new Mersey tunnel was opened. This is now known as the Queensway tunnel.
- In May 1920, severe flash flooding occurred in Louth, Lincolnshire with 23 people killed. Grandad referred to this as a severe cloud burst.
- In June 1927, there was a solar eclipse which grandad got up at 6am to see.
- On New Year’s Day in 1932, grandad noted hearing the national anthem. I am not sure of the significance of this but assume that he was referring to the playing of the national anthem at the close of programmes on the radio, a practice which continued on television until 1997. Calls to restore this by a Conservative MP have been rejected by the BBC on the grounds that this was played when its programmes closed at the end of the day and this no longer happens.
